The Export Land Model (ELM) is a concept widely promoted by Jeffrey Brown of the Oil Drum. It describes how rising consumption by oil producing nations, combined with peak production in those nations, accelerates the decline in net exports. I won't rehash the basics here, so if you need to get up to speed, please see Brown's article
here or Wikipedia etc.
To begin, let me be clear that the ELM is a genuine effect which merits serious attention. On the other hand, Mr. Brown has a well-documented history of bluster and exaggeration, so this post will be the first in a series of posts which audit the ELM. The purpose will be to separate the facts from the hype.
First, let's look at the standard chart which Brown uses to illustrate the effects of the export land model:
Fig. 1: The illustrative model For greater clarity, let's also look at the table of figures this graph is derived from (click to enlarge):
Table 1: Table for the graph in Fig. 1
Now let's make a couple of observations:
1. The danger of the ELM is that it accelerates the decline in net exports. How large is that accelerating effect? Not that large. In the illustrative case shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1, the ELM causes net exports to drop to zero in 9 years. If we eliminate the ELM by stabilizing consumption at 1mbd, net exports drop to zero in 13 years. The accelerating effect of consumption is quite moderate.
2. In his remarks on the model in Fig. 1, Brown writes: "the net export decline rate in a given year accelerates with time, from an initial year over year change in net exports of -12.5% to a final year over year change in net exports of -47.6% (last year of net exports)"
Source. This is technically true (despite the error in Brown's math). However, it is extremely misleading and an abuse of statistics. Yes, the year-on-year decline rate rapidly increases, as shown by the far right column of Table 1, which indicates the year-on-year % decline in the "Net Exports" column. Note, however, the column labeled "Decrement" in Table 1. This shows the actual amount of exports lost in each year due to the ELM effect. As you can see, the lost amounts actually *decrease* in size as the years go by. Far from being a decline at an "accelerating rate", the decline is actually less steep than an ordinary linear decline (where a fixed amount is lost each year).
Brown is basically making a mountain out of a molehill. Any linear decline can be painted as an "accelerating decline rate" using Brown's gimmick. Suppose, for example, you have a gas tank filled with 10 gallons, and you use one gallon per hour. Then the hour-on-hour decline rates are: 1/10, 1/9, 1/8, 1/7, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, 1 (= 10%, 11%, 13%,14%, 17%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%, 100%). Voila: an ordinary linear decline can now be fraudulently painted as "decline at an accelerating decline rate".
Brown uses this statistical chicanery to produce the following diagram:
Fig. 2: The horror of "accelerating decline rates" As noted above, the same sort of diagram can be produced for an ordinary fuel tank running down at the mundane linear rate of 1 gallon/hour. In the last two hours the decline rates are a horrifying 50% and 100%, respectively, and the "exponential decline rate" for the entire 9 hour draw-down is a hair-raising 22% per hour!
The bottom line is that all this talk/graphing of "accelerating decline rates" is misleading nonsense. As I've shown, the ELM results in a net export decline which is sub-linear (i.e. less steep than a linear decline).
3. Now, look again at Fig. 2. In the accompanying
article, Brown points to this graph as evidence that things are even more dire in the real world because the "accelerating decline rate" of export land UK is far worse than the illustrative ELM in Fig. 1. There's one problem, though.
The UK is not an example of the Export Land Model. Here's the ELM figures (in kbd) from the
BP Stat. Rev. 2008 for all years subsequent to the UK's production peak in 1999:
As you can see, UK consumption was essentially flat during the period. This is also clear in the graph:
Brown himself acknowledges this in Fig. 2 where he gives a consumption increase rate for the UK of +0.2%/year!! Clearly the UK does not follow the ELM, and it's rapid decline to zero exports over 6 years was not due to the ELM. So why did Brown choose the UK to illustrate the horrors of the ELM? Personally, I would call it a lack of integrity. Brown is always looking to goose the doom level with scary advocacy numbers, so he cherry picked the UK as an example -- undoubtedly because it's a country with an alarming decline rate, and he hoped to fraudulently associate that rate with the ELM model.
4. Brown's theory was heartily adopted by the oil bulls (encouraged by a generous helping of the usual exponential bluster from Brown himself, i.e.: "From this point out I think we'll see a geometric progression in prices… you know, $50, $100, $200, $400, whatever. The only question now is how short the periods will be between prices doubling again”. -- Jeffrey Brown, June 5, 2008
Source). This, predictably, resulted in further cascades of bogus ELM hype:
Underscoring Brown's concerns;
* On April 15, 2008 the Russians, the world's second largest oil exporter announced that their oil production appears to have peaked, with production in the first quarter of this year declining for the first time in a decade. If they have indeed peaked then, based on the ELM, the world could lose Russia’s current ~7 million barrels a day in exports within 6 to 9 years.Source
Compare this with the facts. According to the BP Stat. Rev. 2008, oil production in Russia in 2007 was 9978kbd, and consumption was 2699kbd. Consumption growth in Russia was -0.9% in 2007 (over 2006), and has been very sluggish for the last 10 years, as you can see from this Table:
Even assuming that Russian production declines at a rate of 5% per year (which is highly unlikely considering the country's size and diversity, see
317. STRONG ARGUMENT FOR A SLOW DECLINE and
Hubbert Theory Says Peak Oil is a Slow Squeeze), consumption would need to rise at 10-18% per year for exports to decline to zero in 6-9 years, which is completely preposterous given Russia's recent consumption growth.
Using more realistic figures for Russian production decline (-3% per year) and consumption increase (+1%, which is probably on the high side given Russia's rapidly declining population), Russian consumption doesn't exceed production until the year 2039.
As you can see from the above, a clear of understanding of the Export Land effect is going to involve a comprehensive analysis of the complete export situation worldwide -- not gimmicky analysis of cherry-picked examples. I will describe my results on that front in Part 2.
(Part 2:
409. THE IMPORT LAND MODEL)
by JD
